Elderly

This European Conceptual Framework clarifies how occupational therapists (OTs) think about human action and how OTs can act to influence occupational performance of clients. This framework has four main characteristics: (1) it is dynamic, (2) it represents the perspective of the performer, (3) concepts are organized into eight clusters, and (4) it is organized into the person’s internal world, external world and the interface between those worlds. This framework organizes 25 terms that are commonly used by OTs, such as activity, occupation, and task.

The Ecology of Human Performance framework (EHP) focuses on the relationship between several important constructs in occupational therapy; they are person, context, task, performance, and therapeutic intervention, in order to get a throughout understand of human occupation. The person construct is one’s experience and his/her sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychological skills and abilities. Then the person construct is surrounded by a circle symbolizing this person’s context (including temporal, physical, social, and cultural contexts).

The fundamental message of this Do-Live-Well framework is “what you do everyday matters”, and they are essential to one’s health and wellbeing. In this framework, there are four main sections, and each represents a building block to “Do-Live-Well". The four sections are (1) dimensions of experience, (2) activity patterns, (3) health and wellbeing outcomes, and (4) forces influencing activity engagement.

The Dunn’s Model of Sensory Processing proposes four basic patterns of sensory processing which are emerged from the interaction of the neurological threshold and self-regulation. Neurological threshold is a personal range of threshold for noticing and responding to different sensory events in everyday life. People who have low sensory threshold would notice and respond to stimuli more often because their neurological system activates easier and more readily to sensory events.

The Client-centred Strategies Framework (CSF) aims to help clinicians in creating environments and contexts that facilitate client-centered practice. This framework consists of five categories; personal reflection, client-centered process, practice settings, community organizing, and coalition advocacy and political action. Each category provides strategies that can be used by clinicians in facilitating client-centered practice. The personal reflections category is the clinician’s process of gaining insight from clinical and individual experiences.

The Functional Model of Cognitive Rehabilitation (FMCR) applies general concepts from the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP). It aims to complement to the CMOP for choosing, organizing, and performing useful and perceived meaningful occupations in order to addresses the cognitive performance component. In the CMOP, the cognitive performance components include perception, concentration, memory, comprehension, and judgement. The FMCR recognizes the dynamic interaction between clients and their environments (physical, cultural, and social).

The Client-Centred Model for Equipment Prescription is a model that guides the use and efficacy of equipment that therapists prescribe for individuals with physical dysfunction.

The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E) is an occupational performance model, which is evolved from the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP). The CMOP-E includes three main components: person, environment, and occupation. In this model, the inner part represents “Person”, and its center is the spirituality of a person. The other components surrounding a person’s spirituality are affective, physical, and cognitive abilities.

The Occupational Performance Model (Australia) is a model proposing that people fulfill their occupational performance roles by engaging in routines, tasks and activities, in the domains of self-maintenance, productivity, leisure and rest, in the process responding to internal and/or external demands of the environment. This model assumes that engagement in occupations provides the sense of competence, autonomy, temporal organization, and meaning of existence to individuals. It focuses on activation of person-environment relationship through participation in occupations.

The Allen’s Cognitive Disabilities Model (CDM) emphases on the integration of the cognitive functional ability and the level of activities that clients are able and willing to perform. Interventions using this model can take place individually or in group. When implementing the intervention, therapists consider each client’s needs and implement changes in task accordingly. In group sessions, each client’s cognitive mode of performance is considered individually and adapted to the modified task with appropriate level of required cognitive functional ability.