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Theories, models, and frameworks provide the foundation for occupational therapy education, research, and clinical practice. While most have a systems approach focus, other factors, such as societal influences and structural inequities, also contribute to health. Using a cross-sectional design, this study identified the gaps in occupational therapy models of practice and presents a novel approach, the PAIRE (Recognize Privilege, Acknowledge Injustice, and Reframe Perspective to Reach Equity) Model.

This model of practice is based on the theoretical concepts relating to the child, environment, task, and the interaction among these key factors and the child’s participation in different occupations. A goodness-of-fit of those factors is necessary for successful participation in occupations.

This framework aims to describe and build mutual understanding on the central concepts, basic assumptions, and vision of occupational therapy practice. It consists of two sections:

The Vona du Toit Model of Creative Ability (VdTMoCA) (Van der Reyden et al. 2019) is founded on the theory of creative ability developed by South African Occupational Therapist, Vona du Toit (du Toit, 1974).   This model's unique contribution to the Occupational Therapy profession is understanding people in terms of sequential levels of creative ability. The term creative refers to one's ability to change in response to life‘s demands (the creation of oneself), as well as creation of tangible things and solutions to problems.

The Accountability-Well-being-Ethics (AWE) framework incorporates the humanist and contextualist perspectives to create a balanced foundation of client-centered profession. The conceptual cores include sociocultural, well-being, social/occupational justice, promoting capabilities, accountability, qualitative stories, contingency, hope, solidarity, person directed, coach/partner, and facilitating empowerment, in contrast to different concepts of biomedical health care. This framework is structured for use in education, research, and clinical practice for occupational therapy globally.

Agentic and victimic model of chronic pain management is a model explaining the agentic (active) and victimic (passive) approaches of clients towards chronic pain management. According to this model, the processes of “being”, “doing” and “becoming” interact and influence the “management” of clients.

The Lived Environment Life Quality Model (LELQ) aims to explicate the ecological complexities in using occupations to optimize quality of life of institutionalized people with dementia. This model focuses on factors that affect clients’ opportunity in occupational engagement, mainly on the social and physical environmental supports and barriers. It has two main domains, including the lived-environment domain (specifically for assessment and intervention) and the Quality of Life (QoL) domain (specifically for intervention goals and outcome).

This integrative framework mainly consists of two elements: (1) the factors influencing clinical reasoning (CR), and (2) the evolving CR process underlying the choice of teaching strategies. First, both internal factors (relate to occupational therapists, such as knowledge and experience, personal habits) and external factors (relate to client, environment, task, and interaction of them, such as emotional/cognitive/physical availability, previous knowledge) influence CR of therapists.