The Model of Playfulness suggests that playfulness can be determined within any transaction of the evaluation of three elements, each of which can be represented as a continuum. The three elements are (1) source of motivation (from intrinsic to extrinsic), (2) perception of control (from internal to external), and (3) the suspension of reality (from free to not free). Intrinsic motivation, such as mastery or pure sensation of movement, is the aspect(s) of activity itself that provides motivation for the individual to involve in an activity. Internal control is the feeling of “in charge” of his or her actions, and at least in some aspects of the activity’s outcome. In other words, the player has choice over his/her actions and to make decisions during the activity. Freedom to suspend reality is that the client makes decision on how close the context of play is with the objective reality. The summative contribution of the three elements is balanced, and it determines the result of another continuum from playfulness to nonplayfulness. Additionally, framing, which is the ability of the player to give cues to others about how others should act towards him or her, is important to play and playfulness. A good player must be able to both give and read social verbal and/or nonverbal cues. This model suggests that therapists use a 60-item observational assessment such as Test of Playfulness to systemically examine playfulness in children. This model also aims to assist therapists in evaluating activities in treatment sessions.
Summarized by
- Macey Cho
Type
- Model (conceptual)
Population
- Child
Disability
- All
Domain of occupation
- Play
Application Note
As play is different from other primary occupations, this model suggests that it may be more important to assess playfulness than the individual’s performance.
Key Reference
Bundy, A. C. (1997). Play and playfulness: What to look for. In L. D. Parham & L. S. Fazio (Eds.), Play in occupational therapy for children (pp. 52-66). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book Inc.
Year Published
- 1997
Primary Developer
- Anita Bundy
Primary Developer Email
- anita.bundy@colostate.edu